The U.S. Decennial Census

Beginning with the 2010 Census, only one census form was distributed to U.S. households, the Short Form, which asked only 10 questions from the following categories:

• Age
• Hispanic or Latino origin
• Household relationship
• Sex
• Tenure (whether the home is owned or rented)
• Vacancy characteristics

Additional demographic information formerly collected through the Census long form, such as income, educational attainment, marital status, etc. is now gathered by the American Community Survey (ACS) , a multi-year sampling program. 

ACS demographics are not included in 2010 Census tables, although ACS data is in data.census.gov.  For example: if you search for a 2010 Census file containing income data, you will get no results.

The Decennial Census: shows the number of people who live in the U.S.

The American Community Survey: shows how people live.