The U.S. Decennial Census

Beginning with the 2010 Census, only one census form was distributed to U.S. households, the Short Form, which asked only 10 questions from the following categories:

Age

Hispanic or Latino origin

Household relationship

Sex

Tenure (whether the home is owned or rented)

Vacancy characteristics

Additional demographic information formerly collected through the Census long form, such as income, educational attainment, marital status, etc. is now gathered by the American Community Survey (ACS) , a multi-year sampling program. 

ACS demographics are not included in 2010 Census tables, although ACS data is in data.census.gov.  For example: if you search for a 2010 Census file containing income data, you will get no results.

The Decennial Census: shows the number of people who live in the U.S.

The American Community Survey: shows how people live.